The massive and uncompromising opposition to the repeated attempts to impose one language—Hindi—on the country has a long tradition in Tamil Nadu. Recent, aggressive attempts by the Hindutva regime to force Hindi upon all the people of the Indian Union have brought the Tamil resistance into particular focus. But this resistance has a long history. This book by the prominent Tamil politician and leader of the anti-Hindi agitation—first written in 1966, revised in 1993, and updated posthumously in 2023-24— traces the history of the movement; its origins and its impact on Tamil politics and India’s federal structure.